Agreement Breaking Essay Example For Students

Understanding Breaking Essay With regards to the issue of whether it is alright for somebody the knowinglyaid somebody in breaking an understanding I feel it relies upon the dangers in question forpeople not comprehending what the individual needs to state. For instance, on the off chance that I had anagreement with an associate to not tell anybody that I had malignant growth I would be veryangry on the off chance that somebody constrained that individual into telling everybody. However, on the otherhand on the off chance that I made that individual vow not to enlighten anybody regarding a potential peril toall different specialists and somebody pressured them into saying something it would befar better for all the laborers to think about a potential threat regardless of whether I did notwant them to know. At the end of the day the bliss that originates from the workersknowing there is an issue and having the option to fix it would out of sight my angertowards the individual who broke the understanding. On account of enormous tobacco I thinkthere is a distinction. Individuals definitely realize that smoking is awful for you and cancause lung malignant growth however they keep on smoking. The possibility that in light of the fact that the peoplenow realize that enormous tobacco alters the degrees of nicotine in their cigarettesdoes not mean individuals will be sufficiently furious to stop. The main motivation behind why it wouldbe imperative to realize that huge tobacco balanced the degrees of nicotine in theircigarettes would be so as to sue them for the way that they intentionally attempt toget individuals dependent on an item that will murder them. However, that cash ought to begoing to one spot and that is pay for all the specialists bills of thepeople kicking the bucket of lung malignant growth from being dependent. Utilitarianism would have toagree that the bliss of the individuals that dont need to pay more duties tosupport the individuals on Medicare or government assistance who are kicking the bucket of disease from smokingfar out gauges the loss of joy of the laborers of large tobacco. Moreover, bigtobacco has enough cash to pay the entirety of the claims and still end up as the winner. The dismal thing is the legislature is fundamentally turning out to be large tobacco on the grounds that withevery claim the costs of cigarettes goes up, yet does that imply that smokinghas diminished? No, it has really begun to increment among youngsters, morethan 1.2 million Americans more youthful than 18 began smoking in 1996, up from708,000 in 1988, as indicated by numbers discharged by the Center for Disease Controlin the fall of 1998. Utilitarianism may really support not blowing the whistleon huge tobacco since all that is occurring is the legislature is only takingadvantage of cigarette addicts and that makes them no superior to enormous tobacco. Iknow that I am no more joyful now than before large tobacco lost the entirety of their lawsuitsbecause me, and a great many different Americans, have not seen any of that money;whether through tax reductions or, being in the Seattle territory, street upkeep. Ithink the hit cigarette smokers take to their wallets, by the expansion inprices, makes for more misery than bliss. Kant would state, no anagreement can't be broken in light of the fact that then you would never settle on an understanding ingood confidence. On the off chance that everybody circumvented breaking their understandings the world would bea horrendous spot; in this manner, in all conditions understandings must be kept nomatter what. In the event that airing a story on huge tobacco may harm you monetarily Ithink you do should be guided by the open intrigue. In any case, on account of bigtobacco I dont think it was that huge of an arrangement on the grounds that the open definitely knowsthat cigarettes are irresistible and that they will slaughter you. Regardless of whether bigtobacco alters the levels in their cigarettes isn't that huge of an arrangement whenthe different parts of cigarettes are as of now notable. The story just seemedbig for the individuals who could benefit from it. You would need to gauge how muchof the open intrigue is in question before settling on the choice, and in the caseof tobacco the open knows all that it has to know to make an intelligentdecision of whether to smoke or not. .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 , .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .postImageUrl , .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 , .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:hover , .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:visited , .u933166055ae3091a7d 6b73fa887ae8f5:active { border:0!important; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:active , .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning : 0; width: 100%; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u933166055ae3091a7d6b73fa887ae8f5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Francesco Petrarch's White Does Francesco Pe Essay

6 steps to dealing with a forgetful boss

6 stages to managing a neglectful chief Each activity has a mystery part that never shows up on an expected set of responsibilities or yearly audit: dealing with your relationship with your chief. Except if you’re at the highest point of your company’s natural pecking order, you have an administrator who works above and with you to ensure you’re doing what you have to do. In any case, despite the fact that this is a profoundly proficient relationship, it’s likewise a human one, with your character and your boss’s in play. On the off chance that you have a supervisor who will in general overlook things, or has a limited capacity to focus, the work day can feel somewhat like Groundhog Day as you clarify and re-clarify things-however it doesn’t must be that way. Let’s go over certain procedures you can use to ensure your manager has all the information she needs, while helping you keep your sanity.1. Put it in writingWhen you come out of a gathering, or talk about something wit h your chief, catch up with notes before long. That way, you have a record of what you discussed, what following stages were, what everyone’s duties will be, and so on. At the point when your supervisor comes to you later to get some information about subject X, you’ll have the option to state, â€Å"Oh, I have the notes on that from a week ago. I can resend.† Then it’s only a fast email forward, and not a repeat conversation of things you’d as of now covered.2. Be proactiveDon’t trust that your supervisor will come to you with a solicitation like, â€Å"Can you update me on X?† or â€Å"I’m blanking on what you would do next for Y.† Sending short, normal notices on different ventures can help keep your manager on the up and up (forestalling inquiries and you halting and clarify things), and refresh his memory about what you’re doing, and when.3. Focus on your informationIf you’re managing a boss’s l imited ability to focus (or occupied ness, or interruption) keep your conversations centered. In the event that you have a status meeting where you update on various undertakings, send a motivation with the most significant things featured, so you can keep the conversation concentrated on explicit focuses. Rather than having enormous gatherings on a scope of points, consider having shorter gatherings, each on a different and focused on theme. Remaining on-point can keep consideration and conversations from meandering excessively far from the subject at hand.4. Use email more efficientlyNothing loses all sense of direction in an inbox quicker than an email title of â€Å"Hey, speedy question† or â€Å"Meeting to discuss.† The simplicity and convenientce of email frequently makes for easygoing composition, yet whether you’re sending an email from your work area or on the fly from your telephone, set aside the effort to make the headline as explicit as could be exp ected under the circumstances. That makes it increasingly findable in your boss’s inbox, and may help head off follow-up addresses that have just been answered.5. Tailor to your boss’s personalityThink about what the center issue is here. Is it true that he is neglectful in light of the fact that he’s in consistent gatherings, and just doesn’t have the opportunity to process data? Improves visual introductions than with verbose conversations? It’s like how educators adjust their homerooms to how understudies learn. On the off chance that you consider why your supervisor is distracted or isn’t focusing, it can assist you with making sense of how to assault the issue. It doesn’t mean your manager is making an awful showing only that her style might be not the same as your own.6. Go to technologyIf you don’t feel great setting updates for your chief, there are approaches to let tech do that for you. Profitability applications like Asana or Evernote can assist you with dealing with your own outstanding burden and activities, yet they likewise have worked in devices like the capacity to allocate assignments to others, send email updates, and so on. It tends to be a delicate method to remind your manager that he needs to send you the data you need, or approve something before you can continue. Reward: it’ll keep you progressively sorted out too!If you have a chief whose style can appear to be oblivious on occasion, don’t despair. You can’t essentially change your chief or his style, however you can chip away at the way you â€Å"manage up† to help keep up your own efficiency and true serenity.

Guest Post Who You Vote for May Not Matter

Guest Post Who You Vote for May Not Matter That you vote most certainly does! The following is a guest entry by Cody C. 14 When it comes to politics, there is one argument that I have heard almost exclusively from fellow members of the MIT community: The probability of my vote affecting the outcome of an election is so low that casting a vote is a waste of my time. But what if the value of voting lies not in who wins, but how they treat you once they do? A little over a year ago, I visited my City Councilor during his weekly office hours. As an urban planning student, I had learned a bit about the process by which projects come to fruition, and how very political those processes are, so I thought it would be good to engage the system I was learning about. My most significant memory from that meeting was how tremendously surprised I was at how natural the conversation felt. I told him about my growing interest in politics, and he told me about his decision to run for office less than two years previous; his desire to try to do some good for the city he had grown up in and around. He asked me about my time in school, and he told me about his efforts to get his friends out to vote for him, the first time voting for many of them. He asked me about living in Boston, and I shared my frustrations at my home and fraternity facing penalties for another student I’d never met deciding to jump on (or as it turned out, through) a skylight. He sympathized, but noted that it’s difficult for public officials to know how to act toward a group that doesn’t seem to want to have anything to do with the decision-making process. As we departed, I expressed my sincere appreciation for his time, and I came away with a much better understanding that he was a real person, not the far-off, removed-from-me sort that I had come to understand politicians as. I asked him to come by my house some time for dinner and meet 30-or-so more of his constituents. He agreed and we made plans to arrange a time. Less than a week later, Boston put a ban on social events in all MIT houses in the city. The city had recently received a wave of bad press regarding student housing conditions, and the City of Boston had to be seen to be doing something. So when another MIT event saw another student fall through another window, they saw their opportunity. They could have gone after landlords providing unsafe housing to students, as they have promised to do repeatedly, but how much easier is it to crack down on students whose only recourse is to whine that their parties were taken away. And there’s certainly no risk of losing votes that way. In the time that has elapsed since then, I have spoken with numerous City Councillors, candidates, Massachusetts legislators, and even staff for our US congressman. I have discussed the huge untapped demographic of voters that exist here, with more than 50 colleges and universities in the greater Boston area, and the response has been roughly the same across the board: It’s been tried, it doesn’t work, students don’t vote. But I’m writing this primarily because I believe that that can change, and that change has to start somewhere. Having spent my time in college at the world’s greatest academic institution, which happens to share a city with this country’s first and most well-known university, I can’t help but feel that this is the place. Next semester, on March 1st, 2016, students across this state will have the opportunity to voice their opinion on who should be the next President of the United States, and there are almost TWICE as many students around Boston alone as voted in the entire Massachusetts Democratic Primary in 2012. Eight months later, we will have the opportunity to help shape the entire legislature of the most student-dense state in the nation. But in less than one month, the MIT community gets to help shape the future of our small slice of this world and show students everywhere what might be possible if they just exercise their basic right, and encourage those around them to do so as well. And to be able to do that, all you have to do is register to vote. The deadline: This Wednesday. Now, I have not told you who is running; you have nearly a month left to figure that out, as well as how you feel about them. But whoever is elected, it won’t matter to them if you voted for or against them, and they won’t know anyway. That election will be done, and the only purpose it will serve is to show them which votes they need to keep, which votes they need to earn, and which people they can disregard. We all have experience with authority. Some times that authority is good for us, such as parents that protect us as children. Sometimes authority is unjust, and feels oppressive. Personally, I was privileged to have been surrounded by authorities that cared for me and did what they thought best for me regardless of how little I appreciated them at the time. Maybe you did too, maybe you didn’t. But the authorities in our lives now don’t have reason to care about you or who you are at all. At least not if you don’t care who they are. Click here for the Massachusetts Official Mail-In Voter Registration Form

SAT Latin Subject Test Information

Lingua Latina optimum in universo, et utinam possem student singula die. If you know what this Latin phrase means, then perhaps you better showcase that Latin talent and sign up for the SAT Latin Subject Test before you apply to the school of your choice. Want to know more? See below. Note: This test is not part of the SAT Reasoning Test, the popular college admissions exam. Nope. This is one of the many SAT Subject Tests, exams designed to showcase your particular talents in all sorts of fields.​ SAT Latin Subject Tests Basics Before you register for this test, (which only pops up twice a year) here are the basics about your testing conditions: 60 minutes70 - 75 multiple-choice questions200-800 points possibleMacrons appear on the testVariations of Latin words appear in parentheses on the test. For example: iudicium (judicium).Questions following a poetry passage will always include one question requiring you to scan the first four feet of a line of dactylic hexameter verse or determine the number of elisions in a line (just to keep it interesting). SAT Latin Subject Test Skills So, whats on this thing? What kinds of skills are required? Here are the skills youll need in order to master this test.: Choose appropriate grammatical forms of Latin wordsChoose Latin words from which English words are derivedTranslate from Latin to EnglishComplete Latin sentencesChoose alternative ways of expressing the same thought in LatinAnswer a variety of questions based on short passages of prose or poetry SAT Latin Subject Test Question Breakdown As you can see, the majority of the test is based on those reading comprehension questions, but other Latin knowledge is tested, too: Grammar and Syntax: Approximately 21 - 23 questions Derivatives: Approximately 4 - 5 questions Reading Comprehension: Approximately 46 – 49 questions These questions include three to five reading passages and one or two poetry passages. Why Take the SAT Latin Subject Test? Since many people believe Latin to be a dead language – no one really speaks it in everyday life – why should you showcase your knowledge of it? In some cases, youll need to, especially if youre considering choosing Latin as a major in college. In other cases, its a great idea to take the Latin Subject Test so you can showcase a different skill other than sports or drama club. It shows the college admissions officers that you have more up your sleeve than your GPA. Taking the test, and scoring high on it, demonstrates qualities of a well-rounded applicant. Plus, it can get you out of those entry-level language courses. How to Prepare for the SAT Latin Subject Test To ace this thing, youll need at least two years in Latin during high school, and youll want to take the test as close to the end of or during your most advanced Latin class you plan to take. Getting your high school Latin teacher to offer you some supplementary materials is always a good idea, too. In addition, you should practice with legitimate practice questions like youll see on the test. The College Board offers free practice questions for the SAT Latin Test along with a pdf of the answers, too. Sample SAT Latin Subject Test Question This question comes from the College Boards free practice questions. The writers have ranked the questions from 1 to 5 where 1 is the least difficult. The question below is ranked as a 4. Agricola dÄ «xit sÄ“ puellam vÄ «sÃ… «rum esse. (A) that he would see the girl(B) that he had seen the girl(C) that the girl would see him(D) that they will see the girl Choice (A) is correct. The sentence presents an indirect statement introduced by Agricola dÄ «xit (The farmer said). The underlined indirect statement has the reflexive pronoun sÄ“ (referring to Agricola) as its accusative subject, the noun puellam (girl) as its accusative direct object and the future infinitive vÄ «sÃ… «rum esse (to be about to see) as its verb. The use of the masculine future active participle vÄ «sÃ… «rum indicates that sÄ“, not the feminine puellam, is the subject of the infinitive. The underlined portion of the sentence may therefore be translated as â€Å"that he would see the girl.† Choice (B) mistranslates the future infinitive vÄ «sÃ… «rum esse as pluperfect (had seen); choice (C) mistranslates puellam as subject rather than object (the girl would see); and choice (D) mistranslates sÄ“ (referring to the singular Agricola) as plural (they). The entire sentence may be translated as The farmer said that he would see the girl.† Good Luck!

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay - 1202 Words

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict was started when the United Nations proposed the partition plan for Jewish homeland in 1947. The Jewish agrees with the plan but the Palestinians disagree because they think it is unfair for their land being taken. Since then, many wars have been fought between Israel and Palestinians such as: -1948 War of independence -1956 Sinai war -1967 six day war -1973 Yom Kippur war etc. These wars had made angry Palestinian lost more and more land causing many terrorist attacks and suicide bombings occurred during the conflict planned by Palestinian terrorist organizations such as the Hamas. Civil Palestinians’ anger had also lead to Intifada (1987) and Second†¦show more content†¦-Israeli settlements--------------Should the Israelis take down the settlements and let Palestinian build their own? (land problem) -Palestinians -The anger of Palestinians has lead to the circle of violence and suicide bombings and Intifada had caused more Palestinians to die. (Violence issue) -Israelis-the Israeli government have to protect their boarders by using armed forces from being attack but this can lead to collateral damages (violence issue) Different perspectives -Quartet of Middle east— recognizes Israel but also wants Palestinian to have their own state. They struggle to find a way for peace. There are different resolutions that have been suggested such as the Oslo Peace Accords in 1993, Road map for peace, Camp David Summit 2000, etc. but it all failed. -Palestinians—most Palestinian organizations like Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) just want to have their own state and Israelis withdrawn from the occupied territories but extremist like Hamas wants to takeover the whole Israel and either make Jews as second citizens or push them to the sea. -Israelis—most political group in Israel also wants peace with Palestinians and come up with plans like the disengagement plan in 2005. But Zionism extremist suggests that they should takeover the occupiedShow MoreRelatedThe Israeli and Palestinian Conflict682 Words   |  3 PagesThe Israeli and Palestinian conflict has been an unwavering conflict that has plagued the world for longer than any can remember. I, myself am hopelessly torn on whether I am Pro-Palestine, or Pro-Israel. I find it difficult to make an informed and unbiased decision on the conflict with the two conflicting stories being relayed by the pro-Israel documentary as well as by the Pro-Palestine documentary. I feel as though it would be impossible for me to make a decision on the issue unless I was ableRead MoreThe Palestinian Conflict : The Israeli Conflict1406 Words   |  6 PagesSteven Sauer REL100 10/31/2015 The Israeli, Palestinian Conflict Lets begin as most historians do, in the late 19th century. The Ottoman empire ruled over what is now called Palestine. The population there, according to Ottoman records from 1878 was 87% muslim, 10% christian and 3% jewish. Everyone spoke arabic as the daily language and in Jerusalem the religious population was about equal. To give you a sense of life in the Ottoman Empire, an arab orthodox christian musician named Wasif JawhariyyehRead More The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay3354 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the most controversial conflicts in modern history. The expansion of Israel since 1947 is seen as the beginning of the conflict, although its origins go back to the end of the 19th century, when Jewish immigration to Palestine began to increase. Since the start of the conflict, several peace negotiations have been carried out, resulting in variable degrees of success. This essay will focus on how theorists of peace and conflict have analysedRead MoreThe Conflict Between Israelis And Palestinians1686 Words   |  7 PagesErin Shin Combs English 1-2 Acc., P. 1 18 April 2016 The Conflict Between Israelis and Palestinians On July 14, 2014, Mohammed Suliman, a Muslim living in Gaza City, tweeted, â€Å"Amir, 12, and Mohammed. 10, want to buy yogurt. Things are calm, they tell their mom. They leave the house. A blast is heard. They re dead† (Hosford). Tragic though it is, this is not a rare phenomenon in this region. In fact, 2,314 Palestinians were killed and 17,125 injured just in 2014 alone as a result of Israel’s activitiesRead MoreThe Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been a never-ending problem facing the two states. It began in the 19th century during the Ottoman or British rule. This was between the Arabs living in Palestine and the Jews living in Israel. It was Zionism for the Jews against Arab nationalism. This conflict was known as the Arab-Israeli conflict. The main issues were; border disputes, security, the control of Jerusalem, recognition as well as Palestinian freedom of movement. These issues are what spear h eadedRead More The Israeli and Palestinian Conflict Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israeli and Palestinian Conflict - Many Questions, Few Answers Unless the Israelis and Palestinians could not compromise, negotiate and come to an agreement, peace is impossible in the Middle East and even the security fence that Israel is now building will not solve the conflict nor stop terrorist actions by Palestinian extremists. The Israelis and Palestinians need to compromise and negotiate, as suggested by the words written on that wall, â€Å"Peace comes (with) agreement not separation.†Read MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict Of Palestine Essay2248 Words   |  9 Pagesinvolved killed since the start of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the late 19th century. Throughout the past several decades the Israeli Zionists and Palestinian natives have fought over a section of land in the Middle East for recognition as an independent or bi-national country. This has led to a war in which a peaceful solution, and not just managing the problem but attempting to end the problem is paramount. The history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict begins around 1880 whenever the originalRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Palestinian Conflict2122 Words   |  9 PagesThe Middle East has long been home to very deep-rooted conflict. For too long, the citizens of the Middle East have lived in the central of death and fear. The animosity between few, takes the hope of hundreds. The Arab-Israeli-Palestinian conflict is most notably the largest issue preventing peace in the Middle East, but it is by no means the only issue. The issue of bankrolling and foreign aid are also issues preventing peace; because the U.S provides so much funding and foreign aid to certainRead MoreThe Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesAn issue as complicated, sensitive, and controversial as the Palestinian – Israeli conflict is not one that can be resolved with a simple solution. It did not begin with the creation of the Current State of Israel in 1948, but something that has roots goin g back to the ancient times. The history of the persecution of the Hebrew people started with the start of Judaism in ancient Egypt. The Pharaoh of Egypt who prophesized in his dreams that a child born to the Israelites would one day grow up andRead MoreIsraeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay2633 Words   |  11 PagesThe conflict between Palestinian Arabs and Jews is a modern phenomenon, which began around the turn of the 20th century. Although these two groups have different religions (Palestinians include Muslims, Christians and Druze), religious differences are not the cause of the conflict. It is essentially a struggle over land. Until 1948, the area that both groups claimed was known internationally as Palestine. But following the war of 1948-49, this land was divided into three parts: the state of Israel

Art Comparison Analysis Free Essays

Holloway, Enejor Art Appreciation- James November 2012 Visual Analysis 13. 9 Peter Paul Rubens The abduction of the Daughters of Leucippus is a European painting, involving sexual erotica and cultural indication of masculinity and femininity. The painting’s imagery consists of blue skies, shimmering and a variety of textures to add to the rich surface and the sensual color harmonies. We will write a custom essay sample on Art Comparison Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now All figures are placed in a diamond shape, suggesting ongoing movement. On the left, dark tones act as a foil to the lighter areas in the center. Textures such as armor, satin, flesh, and hair, are all painted in a significant way. The painting specifies what was considered masculine and feminine in Flanders, 1617, and the type of roles women and men played, which is where the texture and elements of the painting become important because of the way the women is painted in the piece, she is displayed as voluptuous, soft and fleshy looking which was considered sexually attractive and a sign of health and wealth. The statement: The battle of the sexes is a necessity of nature, is a statement of symbolism associated with this painting The women were a lot more pale than the men of this time hinting that they probably stayed indoors and the men on the other hand who mainly participated in outdoor activity were darker skinned, also muscular. The painting illustrates, through the figure’s positioning, that women learned to be helpless, which is why in the painting they are sort of throwing their arms up in a surrendering manner, not really showing much resistance to them men who display expressions of determination and unemotional. 3. 10 Jacques-Louis David Oath of the Horatii is a painting, created in France 1784, that represents and expresses early history of ancient Rome in which three brothers vow to represent the Roman Army, Their duty and vow to the army characterizes qualities of courage and patriotism, which in early ancient Rome, and early history as whole, was a necessity of a ma n’s life. The architecture and classical elements form the neoclassicism which was a evival of Greek and Roman aesthetics and is associated with masculinity and revolution On the other hand their sister’s and wives are to the right of the painting are slumped down in sorrow of the expectance of death that comes with war. This painting expresses that heroic actions were a mark of masculinity, reinforced by the women’s passivity. The masculinity in this painting is shown by the moment of male bonding, in the face of danger as the three brothers come together, under the grace of their father’s set patriotic virtues for them, willing to for others. The brother’s look up at the swords as there are looking at their job, their obligation and honor as the women’s obligation and duty is concerning of the children. Both of these paintings reflect the reality of gender roles played in a specified time setting, the authors reveal the roles in a natural subtle way that cultures of Europe and ancient Rome believe in, in which the figures in the paintings illustrate a story of masculinity and femininity by advertising their both gender’s behavior and way of being towards each other and customs of society. How to cite Art Comparison Analysis, Essay examples

Ryan A. Hittle Essay Example For Students

Ryan A. Hittle Essay Per. 2 April 7, 2003Dear James,How are things at home? Im hoping everything is going O.K. Ikeep thinking of what it must be like back at home and how things havechanged. It must be very difficult for my family to think of me being outhere. I can not imagine what they are feeling and all I ask from you isthat you keep watch over them, for me, if you could. You cant imagine the horrors I go through everyday. Horrors noman should ever have to face in this life time or any other for thatmatter. I have to stay in this god forsaken trench all day and night withalmost no sleep and if I do its a light sleep for fear of an enemy sneakattack on the trench or the never ceasing sound of shelling of no mansland. There is almost no food here and some of the men have even startedkilling the rats that infest our trenches and eating them for food. I havenot sunk to that level yet but Im not sure how much longer I can gowithout something to eat. I write this letter today with fear that I could die any dayjust as easy as that. I fear every single day that a bomb could land nextto me and end my life or that if I become a little too careless one day andstick my head up a little to far over the trenchs edge that a sniper willtake my life without even so much as blinking an eye at the thought of it. There are many things that have compiled my fear. For instance we wereunder heavy artillery fire three days ago when one of the squad members,who was also a friend of mine, was killed by a shell no less then fiftyfeet from me. And what did they do about his dead body? Nothing! They lethim lay there like he was nobody. So yesterday I took out my shovel andgave him a proper burial or as best as I could given the current situation. And this doesnt just happen to me there are bodies everywhere that no onecares about and just leaves to rot in the mud. They just dont realize thateveryone out here is someones son, brother, or husband. I guess I should get back to my post now. I will write againsoon. Keep everyones head up and pray for me and know that I will be homesoon. Send my love to everyone back home. Sincerely,

Salary vs. Justice free essay sample

Proposal Salary vs. Justice at workplace and their impact on job satisfaction. Relation between job satisfaction and employee performance. Dilara Abstract The aim of this research is to find out whether the money or justice at a workplace play an important role in job satisfaction and also to conclude if job satisfaction causes different levels of employee performance. For this research it is proposed to make a survey among 150 people working at different industries. The survey questions are going to be posed in the simplest way and candidates will be briefed about the purpose of this survey, in order to achieve the best possible results and to avoid mistakes and misunderstandings. The research questions are as follows; which of the two factors; salary paid or justice at work place have a greater impact on job satisfaction? Does job satisfaction have an effect on levels of performance? It is estimated that the justice at a work place has a greater impact on job satisfaction in comparison to the salary received. We will write a custom essay sample on Salary vs. Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is also hypothesized that different levels of employees performance will be based on how satisfied they are from the job they are doing. Salary vs. Justice at workplace and their impact on job satisfaction. Relation between job satisfaction and employee performance. The 1980s will seem like a walk in the park when compared to new global challenges, where annual productivity increases of 6% may not be enough. A combination of software, brains, and running harder will be needed to bring that percentage up to 8% or 9%. – Jack Welch As the quote suggests, there is a big difference between businesses in the old times and at this current moment. Therefore we can conclude that the pressure on the workers has increased simultaneously with the goals set. The workplace today is diversified and it keeps changing constantly. People have a variety of choices when it comes to making a career. The relationship of employers and employees is no longer the same; the demands and expectations of both parties have changed as well. The new challenge that is faced by the management of any companies around the world is to create a workplace that would attract and keep the employee; therefore it requires a constant motivation and co-operation with the staff. The fact that most of the people in the world work for a reward which comes in a monetary shape is clear and well known. Yet it does not necessarily mean that the money is the most important factor that makes people work for certain companies or to stay motivated. The need of money might make people take on certain types of works, where they would not want to go for it if they knew they had other chances. Hence, in actual fact that is not due to their motivation or happiness. One of the theories of human motivation ‘Money as a motivator theory’ is grounded on the belief that the need for money primarily motivates all workers (â€Å"Theories of Human,†2004) However a statement like that is true only partially, regardless of the fact that the most common answer would be the money is what people work for. A simple pay raise, naturally not identified as part of the corporate culture, would be defined as an external motivator. Pay is expected, needed, and required it is not necessarily an identifier of either corporate or personal identity† (Grossman, n. d. , A brief pause section, para. 2) According to Grossman (2005) â€Å"Psychologists call money a ‘deficiency need’. Money motivates people only when they feel deficient in it when they feel they do not have enough† (The Payoff section, para. ). There are people like volunteers or monks who are able to carry on in their life, often to be seen much happier, despites the fact that they are not on a high financial level. Therefore money is not one of the factors affecting the productivity of employees in an organization. One of the most out of the ordinary, at the same time having a great impact on a worker’s personal health and one’s working experience. There are several ways on dealing with bullying, but if to look at it through the target’s eyes, it is almost impossible to resolve the situation. Although known by a number of different names including ‘mobbing’ (Leymann, 1996; Zapf et al . , 1996), harassment (Bjorqvist et al. , 1994), bullying (Einarsen Skogstad, 1996; Lewis, 1999), workplace harassment (Brodsky, 1976) and emotional abuse (Keashly, 1998) amongst others, the central core of these differing concepts are ‘systematic mistreatment’ of an ndividual which, if unabated, results in severe problems for the victim (Einarsen et al . , 2003) Psychological harassment will bring along a lot of negative effects, where the employee will start avoiding the workplace, which means the one will be absent more often, the levels of performance and productivity will drop and also it might result in lack of self confidence which leads to work incapacity, the victims may want to resign. Hirigoyen (2001) notes that in 36 per cent of the cases, the victim leaves the firm. In 20 per cent of the reported cases the person is laid off, in the 9 per cent of the cases, the departure is negotiated, in 7 per cent of the cases, the person resigns and in 1 per cent of the cases, the person is put in an anticipated retirement. From those studies it can be concluded that bullying at work is one of the most important factors that will be playing a role in job dissatisfaction, therefore causing job failure. For any organizational management it is essential to make sure that they are able to influence employees’ attitudes towards their colleagues and their job responsibilities. Organizational justice will also affect the trust between the supervisors and employees and also a reason, intension to leave their company, in other words it will influence the level of their loyalty to their management. Most researchers will agree that organizational justice is â€Å"a dominating theme in organizational life† (Cremer, 2005, p. 4). A study by Monica Forret and Mary Sue Love (2007) states that healthy relationship between colleagues in an organization is directly related to justice perceptions of an organization and therefore it helps employees to respect one another and to work well together. Hawthorne studies have developed a new theory called the human relations movement. In 1924 there were several researches conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company in Illinois by a group of Harvard researchers, therefore these experiments are known among people as the Hawthorne studies. Those researches claimed that the performance was affected by the way people were treated; shaping worker’s attitudes directly depends on individual and social processes. Consequently it is vital for a management to be able to identify those needs of their employees, needs for recognition and social satisfaction. Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor are the two people who are known for their contributions in developing and gathering more information on human relations movement. The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance has become a center of attention due to the studies on human relations movement. Judge, Thoresen, Bono, Patton, 2001) Job satisfaction refers to the employee’s pleasurable or positive emotional state as a result of the appraisal of one’s job and job experiences according to (Locke, 1970; Schmidt, 2007) Not only it is an indicator of a psychological health of an employee (Haccoun Jeanrie, 1995), but also various positive results which any organization would desire, including work attendance, intention to remain in the organization, motivation to transfer learning, turnover intention and actual turnover. One of the main goals of Human Resource Department (HRD) is to boost job performance (Swanson Holton, 2001) Methodology Participants This research will require 150 people of different age categories working in different industries. It is necessary for participants to not be holding a managerial level, due to the fact that holding any power over other employees might form a different judgment, point of view related to one of the questions of this research which is trying to find out whether it is a salary paid or justice at a work place have a greater impact on job satisfaction.

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS GOVERN essays

WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS GOVERN essays To fully explain the conditions governing Classical Greek Theatre it is first necessary to go back in history to understand its origins. Greek Theatre was born over 2,500 years ago 2,000 years before Shakespeare in its earliest form it took the form of religious rites, involving songs and dances acted out in honour of the gods, and was performed only by priests and followers of the gods. Over the course of time up to approximately 600 BC, these rites slowly evolved into the Classical Greek Theatre that we recognise today. At this point the rites were formalised around THE DITHYRAMB an ode to the god DIONYSUS the god of wine, fertility and nature things close to hearts of the people of that time the Dithyramb being usually performed by a chorus of 50 men, five from each of the tribes of Attica. The CHORUS is a central part of Classical Greek Theatre - It was the means by which the message of the play was poetically communicated to the audience. The Dithyramb gradually evolved from simply praise of Dionysus into stories, tragedies and comedies, much like our modern plays. Of course every play needs a leading actor, and the first man to take such a role was THESPIS OF ATTICA, who became the protagonist in Athenian plays of the time. In removing himself from the Chorus and coming forward to perform the leading roles, which would inevitably involve him in taking the part of a god, he must have been the first recorded person to be guilty of HUBRIS a man considering himself to be the equal of the gods. His name gave rise to the name by which the actors of today are sometimes known THESPIANS. The plays of this time were performed in the great AMPHITHEATRES these were open air theatres the word theatre being derived from the Greek THEAT...

Pervasive Computing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Pervasive Computing Case Study - Essay Example Furthermore, it also allows telecommuters to combine their work from home with other forms of teleworking. It is the result of a better access to high speed internet connections, an improved ability to concentrate and a better balance between work and family according to The International Telework Association & Council (ITAC)3. As seen on the extract of Anne Fisher's article, there is a real debate on the advantages and drawbacks of teleworking. We will try to define these two sides of that type of work from two points of views: the teleworker himself and the managers of a teleworking team. In the first question of our essay we have seen some of the benefits of telecommuting. Teleworkers can define their own schedule which can include working before or after regular office hours, they achieve to balance their personal life with their work better than they used to and they show an increased concentration and therefore a higher productivity. The Midwest Institute for Telecommuting Education announces that home workers present an increase of 3 to 25% in productivity4. Nevertheless Paul Dickerson's story is a perfect example of the drawbacks of teleworking. As he was working from home, people started to believe that he was unemployed and avoided him. Even if the share of teleworkers in the total volume of workers is increasing, it has not completely reached a social recognition and people that are working from home could be considered as unemployed or lazy. However it appears, in Dickerson's case that he has now a different problem. As his friends are now aware of how he organizes a day of work, they believe that he has a lot of free time. Working from home requires an important organization. On one hand it is much more flexible and you can combine several activities at the same time, but on the other hand you have to show a strong discipline in order to accomplish your tasks and reach your objectives. The managers and the businesses can also face some difficulties when dealing with teleworking. Joseph Cothrel first describes us the lack of non-verbal communication in teleworking. He explains that when you receive an email from a teleworkers you don't have any tone of voice or meaningful pauses which according to him can convey crucial information. One of the main issues of teleworking is presented here. The communication can be difficult because you are not directly in contact with the worker. All the elements of body language are missing and ultimately this can delay the work. Instead of a direct explanation, you will need several emails to correctly define the work which has to be done and the managers will not have any awareness of the worker's feelings regarding their request. Christina Parr raises another danger. The in-office workers can wrongly consider the teleworkers, they may believe they are not working at all. We are again faced with the social notion of work which is attending work in an office from 9a.m. to 5p.m. However Parr and J. Scott Calhoun present their teleworkers as accountable and reachable and the speech that Calhoun gives to his in-office workers is more than

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Literacy - Essay Example Lake uses his son’s cultural literacy and the Indian traditional literacy standards to describe Wind’s state of grace, his power, and functionality within the Indian culture. He describes Wind’s literacy as a state-of-grace by identifying his excellence in learning what has culturally been expected of him. Lake applies traditional standards and succeeds in illustrating how the child’s literacy meets honorable standards by demonstrating his diversified knowledge. The description of the child’s scope of education that has been â€Å"colorful, complicated, sensitive, and diverse† identifies this state-of-grace because of the child’s tender age. The child has also learnt many things that different members of the society engage in. He has learnt from all social groups and this includes his father, mother, and people from both his generation and his parents’ generation. Wind’s literacy also identifies a state of grace because h e is able to apply the learnt concepts such as understanding indicators to natural phenomena (Lake n.p.). The writer also describes power in the child’s literacy by illustrating how the literacy captures the child’s attention to an extent that he can only focus on the knowledge when he identifies an associated phenomenon. When he identifies change in the atmosphere, Wind is carried away, and is captured by what he has learnt and his mind dreams of the things that his traditional literacy taught him that should be done at such times. This means that Wind’s literacy is not only powerful in its self, but is more powerful than the western literacy that has failed to capture Wind’s attention into focusing in class. Lake also uses developed conflict in the child to demonstrate the power in his literacy. When Wind learns that his literacy conflicts with the new form of education in school, the cultural conflict

The nature of health promotion work in midwifery

The nature of health promotion work in midwifery Health promotion is an essential part of a midwives responsibility; the nature of health promotion work in midwifery is geared toward promoting the health of the mother and ensuring an optimum environment for mother and baby (Dunkley, 2000:40). Breastfeeding can be a controversial topic. It can bring about mixed opinions and responses from mothers and midwives. In spite of the message breast is best bottle feeding has become part of the culture in Irelands society. Health promotion is predominately a proactive process. It is a process that is done with people not at people, either on an individual basis or within groups. Participation and partnership are key components of the process (Dunkley, 2000:42). This essay will discuss the unique ability of midwives in their contribution to the health promotion of breastfeeding in Ireland. A general role of midwives is to enthusiastically support and advise a breastfeeding woman. A midwife should help the woman recognise that breastfeeding is a normal life event in every culture. In order to do this a midwife should have a broad knowledge of the anatomy of the breast and sufficient clinical skills. This will ensure the woman receives adequate information and skills on the postnatal ward, or antenatally. Benefits of Breastfeeding Firstly the reason for the promotion in regard to breastfeeding is that apart from being economically friendly, it also holds many benefits for the baby and for the mother herself. Extensive research using improved epidemiological methods and modern laboratory techniques documents diverse and compelling advantages for infants, mothers, families and society from breastfeeding and the use of human milk. (Chalmers Kramer 2001). These advantages include health, nutritional, immunological development, psychological, social, economic and environmental factors (American Academy of Paediatrics, 1997) Human milk lessens the chances of an infants chance of infections and diseases including bacterial meningitis and respiratory tract infections. This is because breast milk contains anti-infective properties. Studies have demonstrated protection from pre-menopausal breast cancer (Buchanan and Sachs, 1998;Enger et al., 1997;Katsouyanni et al., 1996; Michels et al., 1996;UK National Case-Control Study Group, 1993) and pre-menopausal ovarian cancer (Siskind et al., 1997) and a possibility of protection against hip fractures in older age (Department of Health 1998). Breast feeding can also help the mother return to her pre birth weight. Breast milk has been shown to protect babies against gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory and middle ear infection (Howie et al 1990) and atopic disease if there is a family history of atopy (Burr et al 1989, Oddy et al 1999). Breast milk also contains exactly the right proportion of nutrients a baby requires. From 16weeks gestation the breast will begin to produce a clear fluid known as colostrums. Colostrums is the first feed a breast fed baby will receive. It has higher levels of protein, fat-soluble vitamins and mineral percentages than normal breast milk. It is plentiful in immunoglobulins, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and mononuclear cells which gives it the high levels of protein. Traditional breast milk holds 90% water with 10% proteins, carbohydrate and fats with vitamins and minerals. The primary solid constituent is the fatty acid component that provides 50% of the calorific requirements of the newborn.(Henderson Macdonald, 2004:595). Role of the Midwife The role and responsibility of the midwife is to work with evidence based practice with good communication to provide advice, support, encouragement and education to facilitate the womans ability to breastfeed (preferably with a hands off approach from the midwife (Johnson Taylor 2006:346). Support throughout pregnancy can have a long lasting effect no matter the scale the task may be. A good example of this is the midwives role in health promotion and in supporting women in feeding their babies. (Crafter, 1997). When a woman needs more general sources of advice and social support than those provided through the maternity services, midwives may still play a key role in providing relevant information and advice and referring her to other professionals and organisations for support.(Cooper Fraser 2003:939). If the chosen method of feeding an infant is breastfeeding a mother should expect midwives to assist them in the latching on of the child and in the correct way so it is not painf ul or uncomfortable for the mother. The baby should be brought up to the breast quickly to ensure correct attachment, rather than the breast brought down to the baby which encourages bad maternal posture and poor attachment (RCM, 2002). They must also ensure the baby is obtaining sufficient feeds and that water and artificial baby milk is avoided unless medically necessary. If a mother decides to bottle feed she should, however, expect the same level of support and shown how to make up a bottle feed. Education for a breast feeding mother is essential. In order to prepare the mother for breast feeding, it is more favourable that she understands the process of breastfeeding. The midwife will have a dual role in the first few feeds. First and foremost, she must ensure that the baby is receiving and adequate feed. Secondly the midwife should ensure the mother herself acquires the ability to feed her baby alone. Emotional support by a midwife is important if it is the womans first time breast feeding. Along with physical and emotional support a woman will also require adequate support in the means of information such as leaflets, on a one to one basis, or support groups in the community. A popular support group is La Leche League International. They are non medical breastfeeding counsellors. During the last decade, the average length of hospital stay following birth has been cut almost in half as the health care industry strives to keep costs down; especially in the economic downturn our society is enduring. Women are sent home to grapple on their own and sometimes will not have gotten any advice on breastfeeding from a midwife on the postnatal wards as there is not enough staff and not enough time in the day. Additional support has a positive effect on the womans satisfaction of breastfeeding, demonstrated by a Cochrane database review (Anderson, 1999). La Leche League(LLL) has worked for 35 years offering information and support to women who want to breastfeed, as well as providing continuing education for health care professionals. LLL believes that breastfeeding, with its many important physical and psychological benefits, offers advantages for both mother and child and is the ideal way to initiate healthy family relationships. Midwives should work within The structure set out in the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (Saadeh and Akre, 1996: Woolridge, 1994: WHO, 1998) which are as follows: Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all the healthcare staff Train all healthcare staff in skills necessary to implement this policy. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding soon after birth. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from infants. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated. Practice rooming-in: allow mother and infants to remain together for 24hours a day. Encourage breastfeeding on demand. Give no artificial teats or dummies to breastfeeding infants. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from hospital or clinic. In 1991 the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative was set up by UNICEF and WHO, in order for hospitals to encourage and be supportive of breastfeeding women (Ten steps). Mothers should hope to get a high standard of care in all Baby Friendly Hospitals. Hospitals who wish to receive Baby Friendly status must adhere to (WHO 1989). In such a hospital a mother should expect a midwife to assist them in the breast feeding soon after birth. This may occur when skin to skin contact occurs. A baby should remain with his mother at all times. Help given with attaching the baby to the breast soon after birth often results in successful breastfeeding (Hytten,1954). Conclusion The way forward to the successful return of breastfeeding as a cultural normality lies in the roots of prenatal and postnatal education. Different approaches to this may be in hospitals, postnatal wards, schools and the community. The keen attitude and involvement of midwives is vital to the promotion and practice of breastfeeding to ensure the best possible development of infant and child health. Breastfeeding like, like childbirth, empowers women. This power is not societys masculine definition of power meaning authority, money, or material goods. It is the power of nurturance, intimacy and attachment.

Educating Rita Essay

Discuss the Success of this Introduction to the Play’s Characters and themes. Do you think Willy Russell has successfully made his opening Dramatic and Entertaining? I think that Willy Russell has made the introduction of the play, Educating Rita, dramatic and entertaining because he uses techniques such as: Just two characters Set in just one room Humour Similarities between Rita and Frank – both read books, and smoke etc. Similarities between Rita and Willy Russell – both from Liverpool, both hairdressers and from working class backgrounds. Educating Rita is a stage comedy written by Willy Russell which premià ¨red at The Warehouse, London, in 1980. The two characters are: Frank – an unsuccessful, upper class man who is in his fifties, writes poems and is a university lecturer. He is tired and jaded and has not looked out of his large bay window or looked at his nude, religious picture for about ten years. Frank is an alchoholic who pulls out a book at the beginning of the play and behind it appears a bottle of whisky. He then pours a large slug into a mug. He only works so he can buy more drink. Rita – A young 26 year old, working-class hairdresser, who is loud, inquisitive and uses lots of slang – â€Å"I’m comin’ in, aren’t I? It’s that stupid bleedin’ handle on the door. You wanna get it fixed!† This is the first time Rita speaks and she doesn’t appear to be very formal. Rita lives with her husband Denny but when he finds out that Rita is still on the pill he rips up all her papers and books and burns them and tells Rita that she either gives up her education or she will be forced out of her home and marriage. Rita wanted to get an education first and then look at her options so then she can decide whether or not she wants a baby so, therefore, she decides to have an education. The scene is a room on the first floor of a Victorian-built university in the north of England. Frank decides he needs to earn some extra money, so he agrees to tutor an Open University student who is Rita who has just decided to get an education. Rita’s entrance to the room is not a normal one; she struggles to get into the room and then the door swings open. As soon as the play starts, we find out that Frank is an alcoholic. He has a bottle of whisky hidden behind some books which he takes a large slug of and before Rita enters he is on the phone. Whilst he is on the phone he mentions the word ‘pub’ four times. Then Frank asks Rita who she is and instantly Frank knows how much work he is going to have to put in to get Rita an education Frank: â€Å"You are?† Rita: â€Å"What am I?† Frank: â€Å"Pardon?† Rita: â€Å"What?† Frank: â€Å"Now you are?† Rita: â€Å"I’m a what?† Later on Frank asks Rita what her name is. She says it is Rita even though her real name is Susan. Frank says that on her admission paper it says Mrs S White. Then Rita tells him that her real name is Susan but she changed it after reading the book ‘Rubyfruit Jungle’ which was written by Rita Mae Brown. Rita wanders around the room a lot noticing the large bay window and the nude picture. She shows that she is inquisitive by asking lots of questions about the nude, religious picture. In this bit Willy Russell adds a bit of humour: â€Å"Y’ don’t paint pictures like that just so that people can admire the brush strokes, do y’? â€Å" A bit later on Rita shows her slang language â€Å"He gets pissed an’ stands in the street shoutin’ an’ challengin’ death to come out an’ fight. It’s dead good. This is totally different from the way Frank speaks for example he says â€Å"It’s supposed to embrace a more comprehensive studentship, yes.† Before this Rita asks if she can smoke and then when Frank asks her if she wants a drink of Scotch she says: â€Å"Y’ wanna be careful with that stuff, it kills y’ brain cells.† Like if you smoke you won’t be killing your brain cells. Rita is not very optimistic. Whilst she is looking around the room inquisitively, she picks up a book called Howard’s End which she thinks is filthy so she borrows it off Frank and says that if she decides to pack the course in she will post it back to him. â€Å"If I pack the course in I’ll post it to y’.† Frank seems shocked when she says this and starts asking her why she had decided to enrol onto the course in the first place. She thinks the book is written by E.M. Foster when it is really written by E.M. Forster. This is because she sees the brand of lager Fosters so often she assumes that’s who the book is by. Rita appears to be very lively and confident but when Frank says that she is asking lots of questions she says that she does when she gets nervous. Rita shows her drink addiction and lack of knowledge again when Frank says: Frank: â€Å"Do you know Yeats? Rita: â€Å"The wine lodge?† As soon she hears Yeats mentioned, she immediately thinks of drink again. There is a clash of cultures when Rita was trying to think of someone Frank could have been named after, she says a name that Frank had never heard of – Elliot Ness the police man who caught Al Capone but Frank would not no anything him as he is totally oblivious to the world around him. Frank assumed she meant T.S. Eliot and Rita would not know anything about poets. Rita then shows that she is a quick thinker as she says that she try’s to sell her customers a wig when she messes up people’s hair. Rita presumes that Frank is the kind of man that would watch documentaries whereas Rita watches light-hearted programs such as ITV. However of course, Frank wouldn’t watch TV. Towards the end of the scene Rita seems to be very determined to keep Frank as her tutor. This is different to earlier in the play when she was saying that she would post the books back to Frank. In conclusion, I believe Willy Russell has made Act 1 Scene 1 dramatic and entertaining by the use of humour, comparisons and the similarities between himself and Rita.

Expressing Teen Identity by Using Slang: Attitudes and Opinions Towards the Slang of Teenagers

Expressing teen identity by using slang:attitudes and opinions towards the slang of teenagers Introduction One of the most significant elements which people notice while meeting with someone is the person’s language. As Trudge (2000:2) points out, the manner in which we use our language has a great importance while â€Å"establishing social relationship and while conveying information about the speaker†. Ethnic background, gender, education, social class, age and many other aspects may influence the way we talk.And the way we talk may influence other people’s perception about us. Language in the society also differs in the formality levels. When talking about any specific kind of a language we use the term language variety. The variety of the language which is used in a particular situation is called style. Styles are mainly characterized by the vocabulary differences, but also by syntactic ones. Styles range on the scale from very formal to extremely informal. V ocabulary which is at the extremely informal end of the continuum is known as slang. 1] Some people might think that slang is only a young people issue. However the truth is that all of us use some kind of slang, and this usage is influenced by many factors. It is obvious that slang creates barriers between people or groups of people. So if you do not want someone, who is not a member of your group, understand what are you saying, you may use a particular slang, which is inherent only for your group. Using slang may also be part of a person’s identity.Therefore the main task handled in this paper is to examine the use of slang among teenagers and the sources they are influenced by. This essay presents a view on teenage slang as a means of expressing their identity. It also includes society perspective and opinions on the adolescent use of slang. The teenage language was for a long period under-represented in language corpora. In order to repair this, a very comprehensive teen age language corpus, the Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT, 2002), was created.This large material is focusing on the spoken language of teenagers between 13 to 17 years in London. It consists of five hundred thousand words and it is a part of the British National Corpus. [2] As a basis for my arguments I will be mainly using corpus compilation, analysis and findings named Trends in Teenage Talk published in 2002 by Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Gisle Andersen and Ingrid Kristine Hasund, because as it consider the teenage slang language, it is the most relevant corpus for this essay. Slang and teenage languageIt is hard to give a definition of slang, because there is a difficulty of distinguishing it from jargon (special vocabulary used by particular profession), colloquialisms (special use of vocabulary according to geographical region), usage of vague terms (statements with unclear message) or neologism (new coinages or senses of words or phrases). Definitions do, however, ex ist, and the online Oxford English dictionary (2012) classifies slang into the three types: The first type consider slang as the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type.Another definition is that it is the special vocabulary or phraseology of a particular calling or profession; the cant or jargon of a certain class or period. And finally the last one says that it is the language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense. Slang is natural part of each language. It is the non-standard vocabulary usually connected with particular group of people. When discussing slang, we should consider its history and development.Slang has its origin in the middle of the 18th century. In that time slang was seen as a low level language, since it was used primarily by criminals, revelers and drunk en people in pubs. Later on slang became regarded as a specific vocabulary of certain professions, like printers, poets and even lawyers or doctors. During the beginning of the nineteen century slang begins to be seen as a highly colloquial part of almost any language. [3] Moreover as the online Oxford English dictionary demonstrates, the word slang appeared in the connection with the language of youngsters for the very first time in 1818, when Sir J. T.Coleridge was recorded to have stated the following: †Two of the best [students] come to me as a peculiar grinder (I must have a little slang)†. [4] This connection appeared as well in William Makepeace Thackeray’s novel Vanity Fair: â€Å"He was too old to listen to the banter of the assistant-surgeon and the slang of the youngsters. †[5] This fact proves that the importance of the adolescent talk has been seen as an important variety of language for a relatively long period. As well as human language also slang is continuously changing its form and vocabulary and not all of the expressions have to disappear as its generation grew up.On the one hand there are new slang words springing up and on the other hand old ones are dying. This means that the slang expressions used by teenagers may sometimes overlap the barriers of a particular group and become more widely used. Some of the slang expressions may absorb into the English language and become part of Standard English. Types of slang As I stated previously it is hard to distinguish slang from other types of informal language. Linguists therefore tend to use different terms when describing types of slang.Slang is generally divided into general slang and specific slang. While general slang is used among all people without the need to be a member of an exact group, mainly to avoid conventions; specific slang is used with a purpose to show that a person belongs to a specific group and has a loyalty with other members of this group. It se ems obvious that teenager's slang belongs to the specific one. In the Norwegian study Trends in teenage talk Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 65) stated that adolescent talk do not include only general slang, but also vague (E. . â€Å"stuff like that†, â€Å"lots of†), vogue (words which already exists in the language, but become fashionable for a short period of time[6]), proxy (the usage of a verb â€Å"go† or â€Å"be like† instead of the quotation), small words (E. g. â€Å"you know†, â€Å"sort of†, â€Å"yeah†, â€Å"like†), taboo and swear words; which he described with a term â€Å"slanguage†. In the next section I will look at these features of â€Å"slanguage†. Teenage talk Before we start to talk about teenage language in depth, we must define the word teenager. The word teenager firstly appeared in 1941.Earlier on expressions like puber, adolescent, teen, farrow or teener were used to refer to a young person between the ages of 13 and 19. [7] The teenage years might be viewed by some as the most difficult period in a person’s life. It is typical that society views them as rebellious, sloppy, messy and imprecise. And this view is also reflected on their language. The rebellion might be seen in a use of slang words and new expressions in order to shock, the imprecision in the lack of grammar, sloppiness in amount of fillers like â€Å"like† or â€Å"um† and messiness in their handwriting.They are to some extent expected to act like adults, however, they might still be treated as children. Sometimes even parents may not understand their children language, so that their attitude towards their slang use might be negative. However, the present generation of teenagers is not the first to have these kinds of informal expressions. Each generation uses a language composed of informal words and phrases or a special own way of using a standard vocabulary. Everyone use different kind of language in different situations, so that adolescents will not use the same language while speaking with their parents as they do with their friends.The only reason of using this slang in front of their parents might be to keep them out of the loop. And this generally happens while they are talking about sex, drug or ethnic issues. Although many of these slang expressions are harmless and teenagers are using them just to be on the same boat as they peers, parents should be aware of this slang, so they can avoid some unpleasant situation. Teenage age is the part of life when most people do not yet know what to do with their life.That is one of the reasons why many teenagers are trying to find their place and identity by joining some social groups, which they can feel connected with. They usually feel a need to become members of some subcultures that relate to their own attitudes and interests. Some subcultures have their own private language code, which helps it s members to support their values, attitudes and uniqueness even more; in other words slang language. As already mentioned, apart from general slang, teenagers also use other characteristic linguistic features known as â€Å"slanguage†.One part of the teenage slanguage is vogue expressions. Vogue words are already existing words like â€Å"massive†, â€Å"paranoid† or â€Å"reckon†, which have become trendy in teenage talk, but they tend to lose their popularity in a short time. It might also be words like â€Å"wicked† or â€Å"sad† used in a different new way: a) Sad drinking habits = secret drinking in a boarding school[8], and b) A wicked pair of ragamuffin trousers, wicked rap, wicked music[9]. As Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 86-89) states another fashionable feature in teenage language is the usage of vague words.Some classic examples of vague words are: lots of, stuff like that, kind of, for ages, and so on, and whatever. Vag ue words are used instead of the adequate words in talk. The reason for using them is to take up the talk to a more colloquial level and fill the gaps in a sentence. These words occur in adults talk as well. The example of vagueness we can see in this conversation: Tommy: and they like wanna see like how we talk and all that. [You know] Regina: [Yeah] Tommy: rastafarian style and all[10] According to Chanell (1994: 197) vague words do not have a function of fillers without meaning.They are used for purpose to contribute the communicative message. Vague words are discussed with two interesting features in COLT (2012: 105;106): a) The research showed that usage of vague words is more frequent among adults than teenagers. However this finding might be quite inaccurate, because adults in COLT conversations mainly appear in the position of teachers and they might adopt the language means of their students to get more closed to them; and b) COLT study find that it is not possible to assoc iate the use of vague words with a specific gender or social background.Another trend in present teenage language is the usage of proxy phrases. It is the way of using verbs such as â€Å"go†, â€Å"say†, â€Å"be like† to substitute verbs of quotation. By using these verbs they can report to some situation or conversation and meaning can be also influenced by the tone or mimicry. In the corpus I have found following exmples: a) It was like sort of, she just went (banging noise), and just fell over and I just†¦ [11], and b) Well what I tried last weekend, not quite crying but I did a sort of moody sort of thing, I di= I was really quiet and I just gnored everyone and I was like really like, you know, didn't say a word. [12] According to Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 165) other typical feature of teenage talk are small words, which can be divided into hedges, empathizers and tags. The usage of invariant tags namely â€Å"yeah†, â€Å"eh†, â€Å"okay†, â€Å"right†, and â€Å"innit† is one of the most frequent feature in teenage slang. Empathizers are used to evoke sympathy between speaker and listener. An example of this is â€Å"you know†. By hedges are considered expressions like â€Å"just like† or â€Å"sort of†. Their purpose is to make speech sounds more or less unclear or fuzzier.Another feature of slanguage is a vocabulary which is considered as forbidden because of its offensive character known as taboo words. Taboo words are usually connected with sex, death, excretion or the human body. Slang taboos are used to replace the regular synonyms. Examples of these might be â€Å"take the piss out of† (make fun of), â€Å"screw up† (ruin), â€Å"to be pissed† (to be drunk). Teenage age is generally seen as an age of rebellion. Adolescents want to shock not only with their style of music, clothing, entertainment, but also with the talk style.That is the reason why they have favored the use of taboos. Just like taboos swear words are also considered as a part of forbidden language, which should not be spoken out loud. Although what sets them apart from taboos, might be their acceptance. If person use a swear word in some relevant situation, for example hurting oneself, as a relief, than it might be more acceptable. For example in the Czech republic is not forbidden to curse â€Å"kurva† if you hurt yourself. The purpose of swearing is quite obvious, it can come out of surprise, or anger or it may be used when people want to upset someone.Teenagers usually use some swear words when talking to their friends to look â€Å"cool†. In a recent study by Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002:64), it has been found that swearwords can be used as intensifiers to put more emphasis on adjective or adverb (extremely, fucking crap), abusives to refer to a person you are talking with (you dickhead/sod/motherfucker) or expletives expressing strong feelings, or serving as an oath or curse (for fuck’s sake, shit). Reasons for using slang British lexicographer Partridge (1993) pointed out a good deal of reasons for using slang.These were: to have fun by using playful expressions; to be different by using new expressions; to make your talk seems more witty, inventive and humorous; to be picturesque; to draw attention; to escape from cliches, or to be brief and concise; to enrich the language; to be solid, concrete or abstract; to strengthen or reduce your statement; to soften unpleasant situations; to reduce or disperse the seriousness of a conversation; to entertain the audience; for a social purposes to induce either friendliness or intimacy; to show that one belongs to a certain school, trade, profession or social class; to not be understood by others; to show someone that he or she is not a part of a group. For instance Stenstrom (2002:16) provides an example that shows how someone is not a part of a group. He gave a tape recorder to few teenagers, so they could record their daily conversations. The following is a transcription of one of these conversations: Johnny: We can’t have a squeak in this room. Get out. Brett: I’m not a fucking squeak, I’m just in a choir. Bradley: /laughing/ Yeah, precisely Rick: /laugh/ Ah that just shows your ignorance dunnit really? Yeah I’m a member of that one. Johnny: Shows my ignorance?Brett: Yeah if you weren’t ignorant you’d know there’s four parts to a choir and not just one castrate section. Johnny: And you’re in the Castro section? Brett: /laugh/ No I’m not. Johnny: With a laugh like that you’ve gotta be. Rick: Actually I tell you one good thing about being in this choir yeah, I’m in this little choir tonight, chamber choir yeah, which is only about, which is only about like eight or nine people yeah? Bradley: Oh so you’re the creme de la choir As we can see Johnny is using the slang word â€Å"squeak† when speaking about Brett and, who are members of the school choir. By this he means that they have mutating voice, while singing in the choir and he is also making a fun, that they are castrated.An important aspect of adolescence is to be perceived as â€Å"cool† or accepted by one’s peers. Because being â€Å"cool† also usually means being popular, and popularity is connected with higher social status. Teenager’s desire for being part of a group, and also being a popular member of a group, may by many be considered one of the most important matters in this point of their life. Teenagers have a tendency to favor unique styles of music or clothes. They choose own friends and places where they like to spend their free time. And they also tend to use specific language. So that the usage of particular phrases, words and slang expressions might be seen as an identity marker for them.The aims of young people are to be independent and free, so that they may use rather informal language than formal, to express their positive or negative attitudes towards other people or situations. Nevertheless at the same time they should be aware about choosing right language, while talking with different people. If they are not capable to choose right way to talk for example with older people, then there is no surprise they might be perceived cheeky, rude or less intelligent. Sources and factors influencing teenage speech Compared with the past days, when the society was not influenced by the mass media, the talk of teenagers is very different today. It is mainly affected by the pop-culture. Most teenagers have access to the same music, films, TV shows, and advertisements and especially they have the connection to the internet.Before the introduction of mass media such as internet, television or radio, slang varied mostly according to the regions you lived in. However in present days as there is a poss ibility to access the world via these electronic medias, adolescents share same or very similar culture. The reason why are these sources included to this essay is that they are influencing adolescent’s language and at the same time they help to spread this language quickly and easily. According to editor of the Oxford English Dictionary Jesse Shaidlower, technology has been one of the biggest drivers of new vocabulary for centuries. [13] There is no doubt that the internet is a great source of influence on the English language.In 2010 there were made an experiment by Salzburg academy about the addiction on media including internet. They asked students in ten universities around the world not to use internet, phone, email or any media for 24 hours. The results were comparable with withdrawal symptoms from drugs or alcohol. [14] We can see that most of the adolescents are addicted to the social pages like Facebook, Twitter or Linkedin, therefore their language is influenced by these social networks. Abbreviations like â€Å"LOL† (laughing out loud), â€Å"OMG† (Oh my God), â€Å"FB† (Facebook) or â€Å"BTW† (By the way) appear on internet pages every day and sometimes you can hear them in a normal spoken language as well.Also there is a grammar issue, because while chatting in the internet grammar is usually missing so the message like this can easily appear: â€Å"BTW hope u r F9 2day. † (By the way hope you are fine today. ) Teenagers tend to save time by reducing proper words to acronyms or symbols. We may say that Net Lingua is slang used among the internet at emails, social networks, online games, etc. We can also find many slang expressions which comes from TV shows, films or advertisements. For example according to Tagliamonte (2005) TV-show Friends popularized the usage of intensifiers such as â€Å"so† and â€Å"very as a means to emphasize some point of view. Another example is the popularization of th e greeting â€Å"Wassup? which is the colloquial pronunciation of the phrase â€Å"What's up? †. It became popular after the screening of the commercial campaign for Budweiser beer in 1999. [15] This phrase was also used in one of the episodes of a popular TV show How I Met Your Mother named Trilogy Time. Another element which influences the adolescent talk is the music they listen to. Most of them prefer main-stream music like pop, pop-rap or pop-rock or hip-hop music. And mainly hip-hop music is the one which has been influencing the English language already for some time. Hip hop renew and usurped already existing words like â€Å"cool†, â€Å"soul†, â€Å"chill†, â€Å"swing† and many other. ConclusionThis assignment has given the overview of lifestyle and speech among today's teenagers and it has find out why teenagers tend to use particular slang to express their identity. Moreover it served the main sources, which influences adolescentsâ₠¬â„¢ language like internet, television or music. It also mentioned the question if the use of slang may leave a bad impression on people they talk with. It was not easy to write about slang, because there are so many sources considering this topic. So that I chose to write about the group I thought uses slang the most, about teenagers. Firstly I tried to explain the term slang, show its origins and development.I have found that for the first time slang appeared in connection with teenagers in 1818. This work showed that above the general slang, adolescents’ talk also include vague, vogue, proxy, small words, taboo and swear words. According to Stenstrom, Andersen and Hasund (2002: 65) this typical vocabulary can be described with a term â€Å"slanguage†. This essay has shown teenagers use the slang to express positive or negative attitudes towards people or situations. On the one hand they use it to support their values, attitudes, and uniqueness and to show their sym pathy for someone. On the other hand they use it to draw the attention, shock, to show the rebellion or antipathy.Perhaps the most important aspect in the life of a teenager is to be perceived as cool. This essay showed that the way teenagers use their language can make them either popular for their peers or outsiders. References: ABC News (2011). OMG! The OED [Hearts] A Few New Words. [ONLINE] Available at: http://abcnews. go. com/US/omg-oed-words/story? id=13220816#. UIgSOsVrit8. [Last Accessed 24 October 12] Ayto, J. , Simpson, J. (1993), The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Battistella, E. L. (2005), Bad Language: Are Some Words Better than Others?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Channel, J. (1994), Vague Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Eckert, P. (1989).Jocks and Burnouts: Social identity in the high school. New York: Teachers College Press. Green, J. (1988), The Slang Thesaurus. London: Penguin Books. Jelinkova, H. (2011), Slang Used among British and Czech Teenagers. Zlin: Tomas Bata University in Zlin. Oxford University Press (2012). slang, n. 3. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. oed. com/view/Entry/181318? isAdvanced=false&result=3&rskey=tyORJE&. [Last Accessed 16 October 12]. Oxford University Press (2012). teenager, n. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. oed. com/view/Entry/198559? redirectedFrom=teenage. [Last Accessed 17 October 12]. Partridge, E. (1933). Slang To-Day And Yesterday. London: William Press.Salzburg Academy on Media and Global Change (2010). Unplugged: Living without the media. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. salzburg. umd. edu/salzburg/new/news/unplugged-study-goes-global. [Last Accessed 30 October 12] Stenstrom, A. B. , Andersen, G. , Hasund, I. K. (2002), Trends in Teenage Talk: Corpus Compilation, Analysis, and Findings Studies in Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Tagliamonte, S. A. , Roberts, Ch. (2005), So weird; so cool; so innovative: The us e of intensifiers in the television series Friends. American Speech. 80. 3: 280-300 Thackeray, W. M. (1999), Vanity fair: A Novel Without Hero. New York: Modern library. The New York Times (2012).Young Women Often Trendsetters in Vocal Patterns. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/02/28/science/young-women-often-trendsetters-in-vocal-patterns. html? _r=2&emc=etal. [Last Accessed 24 October 12]. Thorne, T. (2005), Dictionary of Contemporary Slang. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. Trudge, P. (2000), Sociolinguistic: An Introduction to Language and Society. (4th ed. ). London: Penguin Books. ——————————— [ 1 ]. Trudgill (2000) 83. [ 2 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 2. [ 3 ]. Ayto, Simpson (1993) 5. [ 4 ]. OED (2012) http://www. oed. com/view/Entry/181318? rskey=ncdjjC&result=3#eid [ 5 ]. Thackeray (1848) 390. [ 6 ].Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 65. [ 7 ]. OED (2012) h ttp://www. oed. com/view/Entry/198559? redirectedFrom=teenager. [ 8 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 42. [ 9 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 45. [ 10 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 86. [ 11 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 128. [ 12 ]. Stenstrom, Andersen, Hasund (2002) 117. [ 13 ]. ABC NEWS (2011) http://abcnews. go. com/US/omg-oed-words/story? id=13220816#. UIgSOsVrit8 [ 14 ]. Salzburg Academy on Media and Global Change (2010) http://www. salzburg. umd. edu/salzburg/new/news/unplugged-study-goes-global [ 15 ]. Winn (2008) http://www. trendhunter. com/trends/ultra-viral-political-videos-wassup-2008

Sex And Gender Are Not Equal - 947 Words

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